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All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Murai et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26848 (date from preprint), NCT04449718
Nov 2020  
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Mortality -49% Improvement Relative Risk Ventilation 48% ICU admission 25% Discharge 7% Vitamin D  Murai et al.  LATE TREATMENT  DB RCT Is late treatment with vitamin D beneficial for COVID-19? Double-blind RCT 237 patients in Brazil (June - August 2020) Higher mortality (p=0.43) and lower ventilation (p=0.09), not sig. c19early.org Murai et al., JAMA, November 2020 Favorsvitamin D Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020
 
*, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 122 studies, recognized in 9 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. * >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.
4,800+ studies for 95 treatments. c19early.org
Very late stage (mean 10 days from symptom onset, 90% on oxygen at baseline) vitamin D supplementation RCT not showing significant differences.
Ethnicity was poorly matched between arms, and diabetes was 41% in the treatment arm vs. 29% in the control arm. Baseline ventilation was 15% in the treatment arm vs. 12% control. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several days delay in conversion, may be more successful, especially with this very late stage usage. Treatment was dissolved in 10mL of peanut oil.
Cholecalciferol was used in this study. Meta analysis shows that late stage treatment with calcitriol / calcifediol (or paricalcitol, alfacalcidol, etc.) is more effective than cholecalciferol: 69% [47‑82%] lower risk vs. 39% [27‑49%] lower risk. Cholecalciferol requires two hydroxylation steps to become activated - first in the liver to calcifediol, then in the kidney to calcitriol. Calcitriol, paricalcitol, and alfacalcidol are active vitamin D analogs that do not require conversion. This allows them to have more rapid onset of action compared to cholecalciferol. The time delay for cholecalciferol to increase serum calcifediol levels can be 2-3 days, and the delay for converting calcifediol to active calcitriol can be up to 7 days.
Bolus treatment is less effective. Pharmacokinetics and the potential side effects of high bolus doses suggest that ongoing treatment spread over time is more appropriate. Research has confirmed that lower dose regular treatment with vitamin D is more effective than intermittent high-dose bolus treatment for various conditions, including rickets and acute respiratory infections1,2. The biological mechanisms supporting these findings involve the induction of enzymes such as 24-hydroxylase and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) by high-dose bolus treatments. These enzymes play roles in inactivating vitamin D, which can paradoxically reduce levels of activated vitamin D and suppress its activation for extended periods post-dosage. Evidence indicates that 24-hydroxylase activity may remain elevated for several weeks following a bolus dose, leading to reduced levels of the activated form of vitamin D. Additionally, FGF23 levels can increase for at least three months after a large bolus dose, which also contributes to the suppression of vitamin D activation1.
This is the 3rd of 30 COVID-19 RCTs for vitamin D, which collectively show efficacy with p=0.0000032.
This is the 12th of 122 COVID-19 controlled studies for vitamin D, which collectively show efficacy with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 587 sextillion).
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline; very late stage study using cholecalciferol instead of calcifediol or calcitriol.
risk of death, 48.7% higher, RR 1.49, p = 0.43, treatment 9 of 119 (7.6%), control 6 of 118 (5.1%).
risk of mechanical ventilation, 47.5% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.09, treatment 9 of 119 (7.6%), control 17 of 118 (14.4%), NNT 15.
risk of ICU admission, 24.6% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.30, treatment 19 of 119 (16.0%), control 25 of 118 (21.2%), NNT 19.
risk of no hospital discharge, 6.5% lower, HR 0.93, p = 0.63, treatment 119, control 118, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Murai et al., 17 Nov 2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 17 authors, study period 2 June, 2020 - 27 August, 2020, average treatment delay 10.2 days, dosage 200,000IU single dose, trial NCT04449718 (history).
This PaperVitamin DAll
Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19
PhD Igor H Murai, PhD Alan L Fernandes, MSc Lucas P Sales, BSc Ana J Pinto, PhD Karla F Goessler, MD Camila S C Duran, MD Carla B R Silva, MD André S Franco, MD, MSc Marina B Macedo, MD Henrique H H Dalmolin, MD Janaina Baggio, MD Guilherme G M Balbi, PhD Bruna Z Reis, MD, PhD Leila Antonangelo, PhD; Valeria F Caparbo, PhD; Bruno Gualano, MD Rosa M R Pereira
JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26848
IMPORTANCE The efficacy of vitamin D 3 supplementation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of a single high dose of vitamin D 3 on hospital length of stay in patients with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 2 sites in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The study included 240 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who were moderately to severely ill at the time of enrollment from June 2, 2020, to August 27, 2020. The final follow-up was on October 7, 2020. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of 200 000 IU of vitamin D 3 (n = 120) or placebo (n = 120). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was length of stay, defined as the time from the date of randomization to hospital discharge. Prespecified secondary outcomes included mortality during hospitalization; the number of patients admitted to the intensive care unit; the number of patients who required mechanical ventilation and the duration of mechanical ventilation; and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total calcium, creatinine, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS Of 240 randomized patients, 237 were included in the primary analysis (mean [SD] age, 56.2 [14.4] years; 104 [43.9%] women; mean [SD] baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, 20.9 [9.2] ng/mL). Median (interquartile range) length of stay was not significantly different between the vitamin D 3 (7.0 [4.0-10.0] days) and placebo groups (7.0 [5.0-13.0] days) (log-rank P = .59; unadjusted hazard ratio for hospital discharge, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.82-1.39]; P = .62). The difference between the vitamin D 3 group and the placebo group was not significant for in-hospital mortality (7.6% vs 5.1%; difference, 2.5% [95% CI, -4.1% to 9.2%]; P = .43), admission to the intensive care unit (16.0% vs 21.2%; difference, -5.2% [95% CI, -15.1% to 4.7%]; P = .30), or need for mechanical ventilation (7.6% vs 14.4%; difference, -6.8% [95% CI, -15.1% to 1.2%]; P = .09). Mean serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D significantly increased after a single dose of vitamin D 3 vs placebo (44.4 ng/mL vs 19.8 ng/mL; difference, 24.1 ng/mL [95% CI, 19.5-28.7]; P < .001). There were no adverse events, but an episode of vomiting was associated with the intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, a single high dose of vitamin D 3 , compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce hospital length of stay. The findings do not support the use of a high dose of vitamin D 3 for treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19.
Author Contributions: Dr Pereira had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Murai Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 3. Additional Contributions: The authors are thankful to Monica Pinheiro, MD, MSc, and Roberta Costa, MSc (Ibirapuera field hospital), for assistance with the study; Cleuber Esteves Chaves, BSc (pharmacy unit of the clinical hospital), for the vitamin D 3 and placebo solution preparation; Rogério Ruscitto do Prado, PhD (Albert Einstein Hospital), for conducting statistical analyses; Cibele Russo, PhD (University of Sao Paulo), for statistical review; Mayara Diniz Santos, MS (School of Medicine of University of Sao Paulo), for technical support; all of the staff members from both centers; and all of the patients who participated in this study. None of these individuals received compensation for their participation.
References
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'journal-title': 'Biometrics'}, { 'issue': '23', 'key': 'joi200145r19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1097/MD.0000000000007024', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation and disease activity in patients with ' 'immune-mediated rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis.', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'Franco', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Medicine (Baltimore)'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'joi200145r20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1129', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0950268806007175', 'article-title': 'Epidemic influenza and vitamin D.', 'volume': '134', 'author': 'Cannell', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Epidemiol Infect'}, { 'key': 'joi200145r21', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with ' 'acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19.', 'author': 'Carpagnano', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Endocrinol Invest'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'joi200145r22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12113377', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation associated to better survival in hospitalized ' 'frail elderly COVID-19 patients: the GERIA-COVID quasi-experimental ' 'study.', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Annweiler', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': 'joi200145r23', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.', 'author': 'Hernández', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Endocrinol Metab'}], 'container-title': 'JAMA', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2776738/jama_murai_2021_oi_200145_1615225415.22388.pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 16]], 'date-time': '2021-03-16T17:59:00Z', 'timestamp': 1615917540000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776738'}}, 'subtitle': ['A Randomized Clinical Trial'], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 16]]}, 'references-count': 23, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '11', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 16]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.26848', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0098-7484'], 'subject': ['General Medicine'], 'container-title-short': 'JAMA', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 16]]}}
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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